On March 18, 2014, according to a report from Zurich’s Center for Security Studies, Russian government-connected hacktivist group CyberBerkut targeted Rivne TV channel in Western Ukraine with a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) cyberattack. The attack coincided with President Putin’s signing of the bill to annex Crimea. The Wall Street Journal and the University of Toronto’s Citizen Lab have linked CyberBerkut, a self-proclaimed independent pro-Russian hacktivist group, to Russian military intelligence agency (GRU)-connected hacking group Fancy Bear, or APT 28.