On September 18, 2020, Spanish newspaper El Pais reported that Chinese hackers had stolen information from research centers working on a Covid-19 vaccine. The head of Spain’s National Intelligence Center said that “sensitive sectors such as health and pharmaceutics” had been targeted, and that there has been “a particularly virulent campaign, and not just in Spain, against laboratories working on a vaccine for Covid-19.” Sources interviewed by the newspaper explained that Chinese and Russian state agencies were behind a wave of cyberattacks targeting research institutions globally but that the cyberattacks aimed at Spain came from China.