PRC consulate officials used ties with Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (“CSSA”) at universities to instill the CCP’s core interests and propaganda throughout the Chinese student community studying abroad in the United States. Local Chinese consulates provided guidance to CSSA members on how to deter events occurring on university campuses that opposed the CCP’s interests. Consulates also funded CSSAs and paid members to participate in rallies and show support for Chinese dignitaries visiting the United States.