In July 2020, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) indicted two Chinese nationals for a cyber-campaign aimed at stealing intellectual property and other confidential information, notably COVID-19 research. According to the indictment, “the hackers operated from China both for their own gain and with the assistance and for the benefit of the Chinese government’s Ministry of State Security”. During a decade-long campaign, the two Chinese nationals, Li Xiaoyu and Dong Jiazhi hacked trade secrets and intellectual property from all over the world, totaling “hundreds of millions of dollars.” The two hackers are considered to be “one of the most prolific group of hackers” ever investigated by U.S. prosecutors.