In March 2025, NewsGuard reported that a Moscow-based network of websites named “Pravda” is influencing AI chatbot outputs by flooding the web with pro-Kremlin propaganda. The network, also known as Portal Kombat and comprising approximately 150 sites, published over 3.6 million articles in 2024. Rather than producing original content, Pravda aggregates “content from Russian state media, pro-Kremlin influencers, and government agencies and officials through a broad set of seemingly independent websites”. This content is then lifted from the internet and incorporated into the training data of major AI chatbots. NewsGuard’s study found that one-third of the time, these chatbots echoed narratives from the Pravda network, including at least 207 provably false claims, many related to Ukraine. This strategy, termed “Large-Language Model Grooming” by the American Sunlight Project, aims to manipulate AI outputs by saturating training data with pro-Russian narratives.​